ABSTRACT
To investigate the effects of six common drying methods on the quality of different specifications of Sophorae Flos, in order to select their suitable drying methods. According to appearance and morphology, Sophorae Flos was divided into the following three specifications: flower bud type(HL), half-open type(BK) and blooming type(SK). All specifications of samples were treated with shade-drying method(25 ℃, natural temperature), sun-drying method, hot-air-drying method(60, 105 ℃), and drying method(60 ℃) after steaming. The contents of total flavonoids, rutin, narcissus, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and Fe~(3+) reducing ability, DPPH free radical scavenging ability, ABTS free radical scavenging ability and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching(FRAP) were detected by UV, HPLC and colorimetry, respectively. Principal component analysis(PCA), cluster analysis(CA) and correlation analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of samples. According to the results, there were significant differences in the effect of drying methods on different specifications of samples. The drying method(60 ℃) after steaming was suitable for HL and BK, while the hot-air-drying method(60 ℃) was suitable for SK. When the fresh medicinal materials could not be treated in time, they should be spread out in a cool and ventilated place. Under high and low temperature conditions, the quality of three specifications of Sophorae Flos would be reduced. The hot-air-drying method(105 ℃) and shade-drying method(25 ℃) were not suitable for the treatment of fresh flowers and flower buds of Sophora japonicus. There were obviously differences of chemical compositions and antioxidant activities among the three specifications of samples. Therefore, the specifications of medicinal materials should be controlled to ensure the uniform quality. The study provided the abundant data reference for the selection of appropriate drying methods for the three specifications of Sophorae Flos, and useful exploration for the classification and processing of medicinal materials of flowers.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Flavonoids/analysis , Flowers/chemistry , Rutin , SophoraABSTRACT
Objective To reveal fungal community composition and diversity in health and root rot of Coptis chinensis in rhizosphere soil. Methods High-throughput sequencing technology was used to characterize the fungal community composition, richness, and diversity of health and root rot Coptis chinensis in rhizosphere soil in Shizhu County of Chongqing Province. Spearman analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between soil physicochemical parameters and the first 35 most abundant fungal genera. Results More than 106 267 effective tags were obtained, and the community was composed of six phyla (Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota, Chytridiomycota, and Neocallimastigomycota). The fungal community diversity showed no significant difference in healthy and root rot samples. The relative abundance of Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Chytridiomycota in root rot soil was significantly higher than that in healthy soil. Moreover, the relative abundance of Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, and Neocallimastigomycota in root rot soil was significantly lower than in healthy soil. The relative abundance of Fusarium was significantly higher in root rot samples than in healthy samples. Spearman analysis showed that the relative abundance of Fusarium was significantly positively correlated with pH and available phosphorus, but negatively correlated with alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen. Conclusion Changes in soil physicochemical characteristics were related to the changes in soil fungal diversity.
ABSTRACT
With Coptis chinensis in high-yielding soil as the object,the growth regularity of plant and dynamic change of alkaloid content was studied. The plant growth model of C. chinensis was constructed. The plant height equation was =3.030 9+0.732 6-0.009 6²,the number of leaves equation was =111.882 6-2 234.881 7/+15 218.960 8/²-31 740.960 8/³,the leaf area equation was =-217.136 1+30.552 2-0.359 0²,the roots talk biomass equation was =-2.748 8+0.210 3+0.006 4²,the number of rootstalk equation was =-1.246 0+0.192 6+0.000 8²,the fibrous root biomass equation was =-4.973 5+0.589 4 -0.002 6². The results indicated that the number of leaves and leaf area were increasing continuously after seedling transplanting,the leaf area of 3-year-old C. chinensis reached a maximum value of 425.83 cm²/plant,after declining.The number of leave of 5-year-old C. chinensis reached a maximum value of 70.91. With the increasing of years of growth, the number of rootstalk and rootstalk biomass of C. chinensis was increasing continuously. The biomass growth of 3-year-old and 4-year-old rootstalk was the fastest in the whole development stage of C. chinensis,the annual increase of more than 300%. The change curve of rootstalk number, rootstalk biomass and fibrous root biomass in the whole growth stage was a s-type.The dry matter partition of leafwas the highest in 1-year-old C. chinensis, and then gradually decreased,the change trend of dry matter partition of rootstalk was just the opposite, the dry matter partition of fibrous root increases with the increase of the growing year, reaching the maximum value in 3-year-old, then gradually lower trend. The root-shootratio of 1-year-old C. chinensis was the smallest, then gradually increases, the growth center gradually shifted to the roots from stems and leaves, The weight of underground part of 3-year-old C. chinensis exceeded the aboveground part, the 5-year-old C. chinensis root-shoot ratio reached the maximum value of 1.91:1.With the increasing of years of growth, the contents of coptisine, berberine, epiberberine and palmatine in rootstalk was increasing continuously. The jatrorrhizine content in 2-year-old C. chinensis was significantly lower than that in other years, the content was no significant change after that. The columbamine content reached a maximum value in 3-year-old C. chinensis,then the decreased gradually. The content of magnoflorine gradually increased and reached maximum value in 5-year-old C. chinensis.
Subject(s)
Alkaloids , Biomass , Coptis , Chemistry , Phytochemicals , Plant Leaves , Plant RootsABSTRACT
In order to study the pathways of biosynthesis of flavonoids in Sophora japonica, 113 797 unigenes were obtained by Trinity software, with an average length of 803 bp, of which 72 752 unigenes were obtained from the database by high-throughput sequencing, and a total of 38 891 SSR loci were searched. Through the metabolic pathway analysis, we found that there were 135 unigenes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and 959 unigene involved in other secondary metabolic pathways. Further analysis of genes involved in rutin biosynthesis revealed that 24 were associated with CHS, 52 were associated with FLS, and 11 were associated with UFGT. The obtained data of S. japonica transcriptome lays the foundation for studying the pathways of biosynthesis of flavonoids in S. japonica and provides theoretical basis for the formation of the quality of S. japonica.
ABSTRACT
Illumina Hiseq 2500 high-throughput sequencing platform was used to study the bacteria richness and diversity, the soil enzyme activities, nutrients in unplanted soil, root-rot and healthy rhizophere soil of Coptis chinensis for deeply discussing the mechanism of the root-rot of C. chinensis. The high-throughput sequencing result showed that the artificial cultivation effected the bacteria community richness and diversity. The bacteria community richness in healthy and diseased rhizosphere soil showed significant lower than that of in unplanted soil (P<0.05) and declined bacteria diversity. The bacteria community richness in root-rot rhizosphere soil increased significantly than that of health and unplanted soil and the diversity was lower significant than that of unplanted soil (P<0.05). The results of soil nutrients and enzyme activities detected that the pH value, available phosphorus and urease activity decreased and the sucrase activity increased significantly (P<0.05). The content of organic carbon and alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen the catalase and urease activity in root rot soil samples was significantly lower than that of healthy soil samples (P<0.05). However, the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium were significantly in root-rot sample higher than that of healthy soil samples (P<0.05). Comprehensive analysis showed that the artificial cultivation declined the bacteria community richness and diversity. The bacteria community richness decreased significantly and the decreased diversity may be the cause of the root-rot. Meanwhile, the decrease of carbon and the catalase activity may be another cause of the root-rot in C. chinensis produced in Shizhu city, Chongqing province.
ABSTRACT
The endophytic fungi from root, main stem, branch and leaf of Scrophularia ningpoensis were isolated and identified from Wulong and Chongqing, and the population diversity analysis and phylogenetic analysis were followed. The result indicated that, as to population diversity index, S. ningpoensis from Wulong： leaf>main stem=branch>root, branch from Chongqing>branch from Wulong. Fifty-eight endophytic fungi were obtained, most of which were the pathogens of the plant. Colletotrichum was the prevailing genus, of which C. gloeosporioides and C. boninense were the prevailing strains. Leaf and seedlings might be the main path of infection. Endophytic fungi and pathogen might convert to each other, influenced by such factors as environment, genotype et al.
ABSTRACT
To investigate the profile of gene function and search for SSR, a new technology of high-throughput Solexa/Illumina sequencing was used to generate the root transcriptome of Scrophularia ningpoensis, and 65 602 036 raw reads were obtained. Based on the bioinformatics analysis and Trinity, 73 983 unigenes were obtained with an average length of 823 bp. The comparison of sequence homology in database showed that 56 389 unigenes had different degrees of homology. A total of 520 metabolic pathways related genes and 191 relDODO transcription factors were identified by the Swiss-Prot, GO, KEGG and COG.The 11 659 SSRs were found by MISA and the highest frequency was AG/CT. In this study, we obtained numerous SSRs to provide references for the study of functional gene cloning and genetic diversity of S. ningpoensis. The key genes involved in the secondary metabolism are the basis for the study of biosynthesis and regulatory mechanism of the secondary metabolites.
ABSTRACT
Plant samples were collected and investigated periodically. According to the growth of different parts and the characteristics of dry substance accumulation of Scrophularia ningpoensis, the development of S. ningpoensis could be divided into four stages: seeding stage, stem and leaf growth stage, expanding period of root tubers, and dry substance accumulation stage of root tuber. Leaf numbers of S. ningpoensis grew gradually from one at first to 370 at the final stage, main stem leaf were 50 pieces. Leaf size increasesed with the fastest growth at the stem and leaf growth stage, average daily increase amount was 225 cm2. By the middle of August, leaf size reached to 16,270 cm2. Leaf area indexrose sharply in the seeding stage, and remained above 8 among stem and leaf growth stage and expanding period of root tubers, and rapidly reduced to zero in the stage of dry substance accumulation of root tuber. Leaf area ratio has a tendency of obvious dropping. The net assimilation rate had a small change ranges, two small peak were seeding stage and dry substance accumulation of root tuber. The value of specific leaf area was higher in seeding stage, and in the earlier stage of dry substance accumulation of root tuber. Relative growth rate changed with large ranges, higher in seeding stage, rapid decrease in stem and leaf growth stage, rose in expanding period of root tubers, and declined again in the stage of dry substance accumulation of root tuber. Crop growth rate was higher in the first and last stages, and smaller in interim stage. The growth parameters of S. ningpoensis such as relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area index, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, crop growth rate changed along with the growth. The rule of dry matter accumulation was as follows: the dry matter increased slowly during the seeding stage and speeded up in the middle and late stages, and in dry substance accumulation of root tuber increased slower, the growth of dry matter all appeared an "S" curve, and accorded with logistic equation. Cultivation technologies of S. ningpoensis and the relevant management methods could be established according to the growth of different parts of S. ningpoensis and the characteristics of dry substance accumulation in different stage.